Located Thirty-seven Miles West Of Krakow, Auschwitz Was The Essays

Found thirty-seven miles west of Krakow, Auschwitz was the camp where Jewish individuals were executed and worked. This camp , out of all the rest tormented the a great many people. At the camp there was an a spot caled the Dark Wall, this was the place the individuals were executed . In Walk of 1941, there was another camp that began to be assembled. This subsequent camp was called Auschwitz II, or Birkinau. It was found 1.9 miles from Auschwitz I. Peple that were picked to come to these camps were removed from their homes. Their homes were obliterated for the pupose of buildinf Birkinau. Birkinau had nine sub-units. They were isolated from one another by electrically charged wall that lines their fringes. In August 1942, the womens area at Auscwitz I was moved to Birkinau. 900 and ninty-nine ladies from Ravensbruck camp and other ladies from various camps went along with them moreover. Birkinau now had more than 6,000 ladies detainees being held. In the town Monowitz, another camp was being fabricated. This camp was called auschwitz III, or Buna-Monowitz. Different camps that were found close to Monowitz were moved to Buna-Monowitz. The number of inhabitants in Bikinau was the most densly populated out of the considerable number of camps. It additionally had the most coldblooded and terrible states of the considerable number of camps in the complex. The detainees at Birkinau for the most part comprised of Jews, Poles, and Germans. There were various Gypsy and Czech Jew family camps situated at Birkinau for a while too. In Birkinau, the gas chambers and the creamatoria, where the bodies were singed worked at auschwitz I. Birkinau and the various sub-camps were generally constrained work camps. The most perceived of the work camps are, Budy, Czechowitz, Glenwitz, Rajsko, and Furstenarube. The detainees here were attempted to the piont of death. Trains shipped individuals to the camps, and fiercely constrained them off the train. The entirety of the individuals' property was left on the train too. They detainees were sent into two unique lines, one for ladies and the other for men. The lines moved into the place were a method called Selektion occurred. The ones who could work were not killed ot this time, yet the ladies, youngsters, and others that couldn't work were gased. The detainees that were to work, had their garments taken, heads shaved, got cleaned, and were given high contrast striped garments to wear. In the constrained work camps, the normal life time was just a couple of months. A portion of the detainees that couldn't respond or move became what was known as Muselmann. A feared some portion of camps was the Appell, or move call. In this, detainees were conveyed into the chilly night in the wake of a monotonous day of work, and lined up. Anybody that tumbled to the ground was shot or gased. One a greater amount of all the terrible work tasks was the Sonderkommando. Dong this implied you consumed the groups of the dead detainees in the creamatoria. Tattoos were given to the detainees on their correct arm as a simpler method of enlistment. Not the entirety of the prior detainees had this tattoo, however the regiterd number of detainees was 405,000. The day by day schedule in the complex varied in each camp, however the fundamental routine was the equivalent. They: woke at day break, cleaned their territories, morning move call was taken, they strolled to the work site, worked for extended periods, needed to hold up in lines for food, at that point strolled bback to their bunks, square investigation was done, and afterward evening move call was taken. There were likewise individuals who got picked for clinical analyses. The most popular docter at Auschwitz was Josef Mengele. His analyses were generally done on twins and diminutive people. He did heaps of things that had to do with perceiving how ling it would take an individual to kick the bucket in the event that you do either. He additionally did tests that had to do with cutting off body parts, and reattaaching them to various pieces of the body. By January twentieth, 1944, the number of inhabitants in the Aushwitz complex had arrived at 80,839. That number rose up and up as the monthes past and more detainees came. The first gas chamber to be utilized was bult in Auschwitz I. The gas that was utilized in the chambers was called Zyklon B. In Birkinau, the biggest number of individuals that could be slaughtered in the gas chambers was 6,000 individuals every day. The gas chambers lookes simply like shower rooms. The detainees were advised they should have been cleaned before work, and were at that point slaughtered

Admissions Essay - The Art of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Affirmations Essay -  The Art of Medicine   Sometime in the distant past, it appears, doctors were insightful and acceptable, and medication was a craftsmanship. That is the inclination I get perusing from the Chahar Maqala, stories from when specialists analyzed lovesick rulers from a pee test, a heartbeat, and a survey of nearby topography.   American medication in the late twentieth century appears to be extensively less sentimental. Conventions and seven-minute patient visits should leave doctors following pulse readings and aligning Prozac medicines. There's no time for astuteness in a HMO, or so the savvier and progressively old of current doctors regret. So it was with sure fear that I went through a day last December in an internist's office.   The morning began gradually, with a multi year elderly person with a background marked by hypertension, back in the workplace four months after her pills ran out. Her circulatory strain, as anyone might expect, was high. The specialist reminded her, tediously, to call the workplace for tops off. She gestured. Consistence, he let me know, as we left the test room, is our most concerning issue.   As the day wore on, a consistent parade of patients advanced into test rooms, stressed over menopause, stodgy sinuses, colds got from grandkids, and every one of that distresses retirees in late December.   Not long before lunch, a 86-year-elderly person edged his way into a test room, separating his weight between his stick and his significant other. Recently, I had a feeling that I couldn't breath, he said. I can't go out. I get excessively worn out.   I'd been cautioned that I would help take the history on this patient, and I was arranging out my inquiries. An aspiratory protest - I can't breath - evoke a standard rundown, intended to recognize cardiovascular breakdown from pneumonia from different illnesses - when did the brevity of breath start? Had he seen he was increasingly worn out as of late when he strolled or worked out? Did he lay down with loads of cushions to prop him up when he rested? Did he feel torment in his chest when he breathed in? Breathed out? My brain was hustling.   The specialist, then, was keen on golf. Do you get out on the greens by any means?, he inquired.   The patient moaned. No, I'll tumble down, can't walk that far. I'm excessively drained. I can't breath.   In the wake of requesting that the patient's better half leave the room, the specialist instructed him to disrobe. Confirmations Essay - The Art of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays Confirmations Essay -  The Art of Medicine   Some time ago, it appears, doctors were astute and acceptable, and medication was a craftsmanship. That is the inclination I get perusing from the Chahar Maqala, stories from when specialists analyzed lovesick rulers from a pee test, a heartbeat, and a survey of neighborhood topography.   American medication in the late twentieth century appears to be significantly less sentimental. Conventions and seven-minute patient visits should leave doctors following circulatory strain readings and aligning Prozac medicines. There's no time for shrewdness in a HMO, or so the more astute and progressively old of current doctors regret. So it was with sure anxiety that I went through a day last December in an internist's office.   The morning began gradually, with a multi year elderly person with a past filled with hypertension, back in the workplace four months after her pills ran out. Her pulse, as anyone might expect, was high. The specialist reminded her, tediously, to call the workplace for tops off. She gestured. Consistence, he let me know, as we left the test room, is our most serious issue.   As the day wore on, a consistent parade of patients advanced into test rooms, stressed over menopause, stodgy sinuses, colds got from grandkids, and every one of that troubles retirees in late December.   Not long before lunch, a 86-year-elderly person edged his way into a test room, isolating his weight between his stick and his significant other. Recently, I had an inclination that I couldn't breath, he said. I can't go out. I get excessively drained.   I'd been cautioned that I would help take the history on this patient, and I was arranging out my inquiries. An aspiratory grumbling - I can't breath - evoke a standard rundown, intended to recognize cardiovascular breakdown from pneumonia from different sicknesses - when did the brevity of breath start? Had he seen he was increasingly worn out as of late when he strolled or worked out? Did he lay down with loads of cushions to prop him up when he dozed? Did he feel torment in his chest when he breathed in? Breathed out? My brain was hustling.   The specialist, in the interim, was keen on golf. Do you get out on the greens by any means?, he inquired.   The patient murmured. No, I'll tumble down, can't walk that far. I'm excessively worn out. I can't breath.   In the wake of requesting that the patient's significant other leave the room, the specialist advised him to disrobe.

London ranked the worlds best city for students

London ranked the worlds best city for students London: ranked the worlds best city for students London has come top in the latest ranking of world cities for university students, reports the BBC. Despite being one of the world’s most expensive cities to live in, London ranked extremely highly across numerous other variables. This included safety, student experience, job opportunities, culture and â€" perhaps most importantly â€" access to world-leading Higher Education institutions. The rankings are published by the prestigious Higher Education data analysis firm QS, which also â€" along with the Times â€" publishes one of the most frequently cited and highly regarded global university rankings tables. How reliable is the ranking? And what does it say about the student experience in London? Obviously, the rankings attempt to score and weight a lot of data that is, by its nature, difficult to quantify. The methodology page does make fascinating reading, though! QS used surveys in which students were asked to rate their experiences along with publicly available metrics including the Economy Intelligence Unit’s Liveability Index and the Globalization and World Cities index (GaWC), which itself is based on TripAdvisor rankings among other factors. Cities were also given a Corruption Score, scoring high marks on this index for low levels of public sector corruption according to Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index, and even a Pollution Score! Given that we can’t imagine London scored any better on the air quality front than it did for affordability, we can safely say that London must have scored very highly indeed on a number of the other metrics. Cities gained points for having high numbers of international students enrolled at their ranked institutions, for a high proportion of international students compared to the student population as a whole, and for tolerance and inclusion. It seems safe to conclude that London is a welcoming, diverse and tolerant environment for students of all backgrounds, which is just as well given the benefits that a diverse student body can bring to a community. What about other UK cities? Did they do well too? London isn’t the only city in the UK that ranks highly among global cities for students. Edinburgh is in 16th place, Manchester squeaks into the top 25, and Glasgow, Coventry, and Nottingham are all in the top 50. However, even though the UK is now home to the world’s best city for students, we remain behind other countries in terms of the number of British cities ranked among the top in the world. Australia (with Melbourne at 3 and Sydney at 9) and Germany (Munich at 6 and Berlin at 7) are each home to two top-10 cities, with Australia also boasting a further two cities in the top 25 (Brisbane and Canberra at 22 and 23 respectively). British cities outperform their US counterparts by some margin though. Boston is the highest US city at 13 in the list, while New York, the only other American city in the top 25, ranks 18th. What do these rankings mean for me? If you’re considering applying to go to university in a major global city, these rankings are well worth taking notice of. While only the biggest cities offered sufficient data to allow them to be ranked using QS’s methodology (just over 100 cities in total made the list), the city rankings offer a more complete picture of the different aspects of their experience that students value most. The rankings offer a fairly broad picture of the student experience and can’t of course be tailored to individual needs. Several of the world’s most expensive cities are grouped near the top, for example, so if affordability is important to you, it would be advisable to check how cities ranked according to that metric. And again, the links from QS’s methodology page have you covered if you want to dig further. But if you’re going to be far from home, feeling safe and welcome, and enjoying an inclusive and diverse environment with a rich set of art, culture and leisure opportunities, are all likely to be pretty important factors in staving off homesickness. The QS rankings shouldn’t make your decision about where to study by themselves, but they do offer a pretty good indication of the best places to be a student in 2018! The best university city also delivers the best model essays Oxbridge Essays are based in the heart of Central London, and are the UK's leading academic support service. We offer you tailored, professional essays within any subject area, that will be written to your exact specifications, by the best academic writers from the UK's top universities. Find out more You may also like... 5 reasons you need your work edited by an academic Understanding feedback from your essay marker Marking: from a marker’s perspective educationinternational studentslondonstudent experiencestudentsuniversityuniversity rankings

The Impact of Mass Media Influence on Politics Essay

The Impact of Mass Media Influence on Politics What impact do the mass media have on modern government and politics? The mass media is now a global phenomenon and has revolutionized the way individuals communicate with each other and receive information. In this essay I will examine the three forms of mass media - newspaper, radio and television - and the way they have evolved. I will explain the three main theories relating to the impact of mass media on the public. I will then discuss how media has altered the emphasis of government at election time and on a day-to-day basis. The term mass media embraces all kinds of information sources, such as books, pamphlets, mail circulars and films. The three principle sources of†¦show more content†¦Hitler was the first politician to exploit the potential of radio. In the United States and Great Britain, Roosevelt and Baldwin introduced the medium in a more gentle fashion. Radio was the much-used medium during the war with things such as Churchills speeches. Television begun to make an appearance during the war, used to show films reinforcing patr iotism and resistance. After the war, television took over as the main medium. Nixon’s Checkers speech in 1952 is seen as the beginning of the television revolution. Ironically, television was Nixon’s downfall in 1960 in the first televised debate; it showed that appearance on television is as important as the message. There are three broad arguments concerning the effects of the mass media on the public and therefore government and politics - opinion forming, opinion reinforcing, and no effects. The opinion forming argument believes that the media shape opinions held by the viewer, since the media chooses the agenda, it also shapes what issues are thought about. This view depicts the viewer as having no or few opinions before media exposure and then accepts the arguments and opinions put forward. The opinion reinforcing argument believes that the viewer will be more likely to accept opinions similar to their own, than to change their opinion as a result of the exposur e to the media. Persuasive communication functions far more frequently as an agent of reinforcement than asShow MoreRelatedEssay on Mass Medias Political Power967 Words   |  4 PagesMass Medias Political Power There are two main issues regarding media influence in politics 1. Does presentation and coverage affect voting behaviour and choices? 2. Do media have an impact on political struggle and decide nature of debates? Definitions of mass media Mass media are channels of communication through which messages flow, produced by a few for consumption by many people. As the messages go through the channels, they are distortedRead Moreexample of informative speech outline Essay examples899 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ EXAMPLE OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Informative Outline Topic: Impact of Media in the Society and Individual General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience the negative impact of social media in the society and to the individual. Thesis: Social media websites are some of the most popular haunts on the Internet. They have revolutionized the way people communicate and socialize on the Web. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Today, just aboutRead MoreThe Effect Of Mass Media On The Politics Of The United States896 Words   |  4 Pages Influence of Mass Media on the Politics of the United States Mass media can be a powerful tool, but it can also be a hindrance to the public if the facts are not checked. From the invention of the printing press, radio, television, and the internet mass media has revolutionized the way the public gathers information each and every day. Many of the sources we use for gaining knowledge and facts on current events today are controlled by a very small group. This small group controls many of the ideologiesRead MoreThe Agenda Setting Theory Of The Mass Media1033 Words   |  5 PagesShaw and McCombs, stating that the mass media has the ability to transfer the importance of issues on their news agenda to the public agenda. This theory contrasted with the selective exposure hypothesis which held that people only attend to stories which confirm their world view. The theory had two attractive features, one it reaffirms the power of the press and second it maintains individual freedom. Also it is represented a back to the basics approach to mass co mmunation research, with a focusRead MoreThe Media s Impact On Public Opinion936 Words   |  4 PagesThe media has always had a powerful impact on public opinion in Britain. With several different types and means of communication, such as TV, newspapers, social networking and radio, it is difficult for the public to not be even slightly impacted by the opinion of thousands that surrounds them every day. However, with newspapers spinning stories to promote the party they favour (such as the Daily Mail in favour of Conservatives or the Mirror in favour of Labour ) or to disparage the opposition, isRead MoreThe Effects Of Mass Media On American Culture951 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Mass Media Introduction Why is mass media influencing the American culture? This is what we are going to be discussing in this essay. It’s important that we understand where the media has come from and where it is now and the journey that it is taking the American culture in the last century. America has now explored what un-traditional media and it has a major impact on the culture called new media. What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during theRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Politics1134 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Government The media’s influence on politics I decided to do research on the impact that the media has politics due to the factors that can influence society, as well as the individuals. Do you believe that social media plays a major role in politics and at times can be unfair by only showing one perspective? I personally believe that the social media, greatly effects politics and can be shown to be very one-sided on many occasions. Social media has been around long before itRead MoreHow the Media has Influenced Peoples Thoughts on homosexuality1410 Words   |  6 Pageswritten slants of the media is almost impossible for the common American citizens. America’s perceptions of the entire demographic has the capability of significant influence due broadcasts of various sorts. The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender community, or commonly referred to as LBGT, has been a core group fear, scrutiny, and confusion within the reports of varied mediums of exposure since as early as the 1950s. The highly convincing nature of the media’s influence is deeply rooted as truthRead MoreThe Cnn Effect : An Exploration Of How The International Media1732 Words   |  7 Pages THE ‘CNN EFFECT’: AN EXPLORATION OF HOW THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ‘DRAGGED’ AMERICA TO SOMALIA POST 1991 BACKGROUND Mass communication is the process which public messages are transmitted and are directed at large audiences with different values not found at a particular place but in different places. In the media arena globalisation refers to worldwide distribution of the same programme content and the distribution of special interest information that is aimed at a globally dispersed minority audienceRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Misconceptions And Gender, Race, And Sexuality1472 Words   |  6 Pagessurrounding the persecutions the black community undergoes frequent. The notion of Black sexual politics addresses many connotations influencing behaviors as well as analyzing the reasons as to what affects explain the Black injustice created within our social structure. Furthermore, Collin does express how these perceptions created from gender, race, and sexuality not only affects the black community but also impacts other interracial injustices. These arguments affect a larger portion of society relative

Assisted Suicide Essay - 1507 Words

Assisted Suicide (Euthanasia) There probably isn’t one person that can say that they haven’t watched somebody they love in some way suffer from and ultimately die from some sort of unfortunate disease. Assisted suicide is a very controversial topic in the United States. Physician assisted suicide is defined as suicide committed by a terminally ill person with help from another person. This subject causes many controversies of ethical and moral issues. Some of these issues are that it violates the doctors Hippocratic Oath, suicide is ruled wrong in many religions, and some even say it degrades the value of human life. However, physician assisted suicide should be legalized because it offers terminally ill people an opportunity for a†¦show more content†¦The two drugs offered for physician assisted suicide are secobarbital and pentobarbital. Secobarbital is the most commonly prescribed of the two forms. The medication typically come in 9 g of secobarbital in capsules or 10 g of pentobarbit al liquid, to be consumed at one time (Fass and Fass). Most everyone sees assisted suicide as morally wrong due to religious beliefs and changing their mind could be an impossible task. Others find it shouldn’t be legalized because too many people will see it as an easy way out, and people who could be cured or don’t even have a medical condition will be wanting to get a physician to give them a lethal dose of medicine too. In this regard, it is possible to suggest introducing legal changes, which could ban the application of assisted suicide without the consent of a patient and his/her relatives. On the other hand, there should be an opportunity for patients and their families to have the option of assisted suicide. At this point, the legislation should admit assisted suicide only in cases, when the further physical life of patients is pointless, for instance, when patients’ life is maintained by special medical equipment and there is no hope of recovery. In fa ct, such situations are cases, where patients would be dead if it were not for medical machines keeping them alive. It is argued that assisted suicide goes against the Hippocratic Oath of doctorsShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Assisted Suicide And Suicide1062 Words   |  5 PagesAfter researching assisted suicide I have more questions than when I started. The definition of assisted suicide is very factual: suicide facilitated by another person, especially a physician, who organized the logistics of the suicide, as by providing the necessary quantities of a poison (The definition of assisted suicide 2016). After much research I have learned that assisted suicide is an option one has to make depending on their moral standards, will to live, and how they want to die ratherRead More Euthanasia Essay - Assisted Suicide1579 Words   |  7 PagesAssisted Suicide/Euthanasia      Ã‚   Remarkably, few have noticed that frail, elderly and terminally ill people oppose assisted suicide more than other Americans. The assisted-suicide agenda is moving forward chiefly with vocal support from the young, the able-bodied and the affluent, who may even think that their parents and grandparents share their enthusiasm. They are wrong.    Thus the assisted suicide agenda appears as a victory not for freedom, but for discrimination. At its heartRead MoreDoctor Assisted Suicide And Suicide1585 Words   |  7 PagesDoctor assisted suicide is a topic that has recently become a much larger debated issue than before. A timeline put together by Michael Manning and Ian Dowbigging shows that prior to Christianity, doctor assisted suicide was something that was tolerated, and was not heavily questioned (2). Yet, in the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas had made a statement about suicide as well as doctor assisted suicide, and his words shaped the Catholic teaching on suicide into what they teach today. Beginning in theRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1578 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the alternative options is Physician-Assisted Suicide; defined as the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician (â€Å"Physician-assi sted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In layman’s terms it means that a physician administers medications to the patients to use on their own terms, and it’s entirely up to the patient whether or not to ingest the medication. I know Physician-Assisted Suicide is a practical solution to terminally ill patients’Read MoreEssay Problems with Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide1262 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia Problems      Ã‚  Doctors do err on cancer patients survival times, so how can they say when the time is ripe for assisted suicide. A study in the July 1 issue of Cancer, the journal of the American Cancer Society, finds that doctors are often wrong in predicting how long terminally ill cancer patients will live. After studying the accuracy of doctors predictions regarding 233 patients with end-of-life cancer, the researchers found most doctors had a tendency to overestimate survivalRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentless pain and agony through physician assisted death? Physician-Assisted Suicide PAS is highly contentious because it induces conflict of several moral and ethical questions such as who is the true director of our lives. 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There are two sides to this issue, one that passionately supports it, and those who religiously disagree. I believe that assisted suicide should become legal for several reasons. Assisted suicide gives individuals the right to end their suffering when they personally feel that their time has come to die. Assisted suicide should become legal because if one can decide to put an animal out of its misery, why shouldn’t thatRead MoreThe Choice Of Assisted Suicide1314 Words   |  6 Pag esthe law so patients are allowed to lawfully receive assistance to peacefully pass away. The acceptability to acquire â€Å"assisted suicide† has been designed into five factors. It is the combination of a patient’s age, curability of illness, degree of suffering, mental status, and extent of patients requests for the procedure. Moreover, no discussion on assisted suicide is complete without looking into the experience of Oregon, which was the first state in the U.S. to pass the Death with Dignity

Biofilm-Mediated Enhanced Crude Oil Degradation by Free Essays

International Research Journal of Environment Sciences________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. We will write a custom essay sample on Biofilm-Mediated Enhanced Crude Oil Degradation by or any similar topic only for you Order Now J. Environment Sci. Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Diesel Engine Oil Degrading Bacteria from Garage Soil and Comparison of their Bioremediation Potential Teli Nikhil1, Verma Deepa2, Gavankar Rohan1 and Bhalerao Satish3 1 Department of Biotechnology, Viva College, Virar (W), Maharashtra, INDIA 2 Department of Botany, Viva College, Virar (w), Maharashtra, INDIA 3 Department of Botany, Wilson College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA Available online at: www. sca. in Received 30th November 2012, revised 12th January 2013, accepted 25th January 2013 Abstract The rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil) was studied. Modified diesel engine oil medium was used and two most abundant microorganisms were isolated from garage soil – Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be hydrocarbon degraders and these two bacteria’s were selected for the degradation test. The degradation of di esel engine oil was monitored at a five day interval up to twenty five day period, using gravimetric method. After 25 days of incubation period, Pseudomonas sp. degraded 67. 57 % of the oil and Micrococcus sp. with 52. 95 %. But the mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were found to have great potential to degrade diesel engine oil i. e. 89. 98 % after 25 days. The rate of degradation of diesel engine oil by Micrococcus sp. was found to be 7. 48 x 10-4gm/hr and that of Pseudomonas sp. was 9. 55 x 10-4gm/hr while the mixture of both bacterial isolates showed highest rate of degradation of diesel engine oil i. e. 1. 27 x 10-3gm/hr. Keywords: Bioremediation, Diesel engine oil, oil spills, hydrocarbon degraders, Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. Introduction As we dig deeper into the modern industrial age of technologies, several aspects of human life change. People benefit largely from life development and many live in prosperity, but prosperity has a price. This price is paid by our environment that suffers daily from all kinds of pollutants and destruction. People now have to find ways to cure this destruction. Oil contamination is one of the most dangerous pollution factors known today. It can cause a threat to the environment. It is very feared by environmentalists and it’s very hard to control if it gets out of hand. Oil spills have been a major issue across decades. One of the famous oil spills which are also ongoing is in Taylor Energy Well in Gulf of Mexico, U. S. A caused due to Hurricane; Sept 16, 2004 till present date and almost 0. 03- 0. 05 tones oil/per day is estimated to leak. Another recent oil spill was in Mumbai (India) and caused due to the leakage in Mumbai-Uran pipeline dated January 21, 2011 and about 55 tons of oil was leaked in Arabian Sea. Various such accidents occur throughout the years and it causes damage to our surrounding. Diesel engine oil, which is one of the major products of crude oil, constitutes a major source of pollution in our environment. With the combined dependence on diesel engine oil by some vehicles and generators, greater quantities are being transported over long distances. Therefore diesel engine oil can enter into the environment through wrecks of oil tankers carrying diesel oil, cleaning of diesel tanks by merchants, war ships carrying diesel oil and motor mechanics1. Diesel oil spills on agricultural land generally reduce plant growth. Suggested reasons for the reduced plant growth in diesel oil contaminated soils range from direct toxic effect on plants2 and reduced germination to unsatisfactory soil condition due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of the displacement of air from the space between the soil particles by diesel engine oil3. Among several clean–up techniques available to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from the soil and groundwater, bioremediation processes are gaining ground due to their simplicity, higher efficiency and cost–effectiveness when compared to other technologies4. This study was therefore designed to monitor the rate of biodegradation of diesel engine oil (hydrocarbon) by microorganisms isolated from garage soil (petroleum contaminated soil), by using gravimetric method. Material and Methods Preparation of modified diesel oil medium: The modified diesel oil medium comprised of 0. 7 gm K2HPO4, 0. 1 gm (NH4)2SO4, 0. 3 gm KH2PO4, 0. 3 gm MgSO4 7H2O, 2. 2 gm agar – agar5. The mineral components of the medium were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and mixed with 2 ml of Gulf diesel engine oil. The medium was autoclaved at 121oC for 15 min. International Science Congress Association 8 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Enrichment of microorganisms: Microorganisms capable of degrading diesel engine oil were enriched in sterile modified diesel engine oil medium by inoculating soil (which wa s collected from Maharashtra garage, 65 years old garage at Sewri) in to the medium in 250 ml conical flask. 0. 5 gm of this garage soil was inoculated in to the 100 ml of sterile modified diesel oil broth and allowed to incubate at 37oC for 1 week. Isolation of microorganisms: After 1 week of incubation period, 1 drop of enriched culture was spread on to the sterile modified diesel oil agar plate. The plate was incubated at 37oC for 48 hr. After 48 hr incubation; two different bacterial colonies were selected from incubated plate. Each bacterial colony type was sub cultured repeatedly onto sterile nutrient agar plates to obtain a pure culture. Pure cultures of bacterial isolates were identified on the basis of their colonial morphology, cellular morphology and biochemical characteristics according to the taxonomic scheme of Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology6. Determination of microbial colony numbers for degradation studies: 5 ml of sterile Nutrient broth was aseptically inoculated with a loopful of pure culture of Colony 1(C1) in first test tube and Colony 2 (C2) in second test tube and incubated both the tubes at 37oC for 24 hr. After incubation, the numbers of organisms present in one ml of nutrient broth were determined by spread plate method. The numbers of organisms were adjusted in both the tubes in such a way that both the isolates contain approximately equal numbers of microorganism in one ml of sample by using sterile Nutrient broth as a diluent7. Soil sample collection and preparation: Top surface soil sample was collected from the premises of the Shahid Bhagatsingh Ground, Kalachowki; in sterilized plastic containers. Soil sample meant for degradation studies was sterilized using autoclave at 121oC for 15 min, after which it was allowed to cool to room temperature for further treatments. Description and treatment of samples: Test: i. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C1, ii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 48 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml culture of C 2, iii. 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 1 ml culture of C1+ 0. 1 ml culture of C 2 Control: 12 samples of 15 gm sterilized soil mixed with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterile Gulf diesel engine oil + 0. 2 ml of sterile distilled water. Diesel oil degradation studies: The ability of C1, C2 an d mixture of both the bacterial isolates to degrade diesel oil was monitored on the first day (day zero) of the study and subsequently at 5-day interval for 25 days. Carbon tetrachloride was employed as an extractant. On each day, two samples per single treatment were analyzed for the quantity of residual diesel oil7. Each of the 15gm soil treatment samples was mixed with 40 ml of carbon tetrachloride, placed in a separating conical flask, shaken vigorously for 3 min and allowed to settle for 5 min. The liquid phase was separated by allowing the supernatant (diesel oil – carbon tetrachloride) to pass gradually through a funnel fitted with filter paper (Whatman No 1). Anhydrous sodium sulphate spread on the filter paper was employed to remove any moisture in the mixture. The liquid phase was collected in a 50-ml pre-weighed beaker. The beaker containing the extract was placed in an oven and the extractant allowed to evaporate at 50oC. The beaker with the residual diesel oil was allowed to cool to room temperature and weighed to determine the quantity of residual diesel oil by difference8. Results and Discussion In this study, the soil samples were gathered from the garage (oil contaminated site) because the capability of native bacterial population to mineralize crude oil hydrocarbons in oil contaminated sites was confirmed before by many scientists9. The rate of biodegradation of Diesel engine oil by hydrocarbonoclastic organisms isolated from garage soil were assessed. Table – 1 and table – 2 shows that, using cultural characteristics and biochemical characteristics, two bacterial isolates; Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were identified by compairing it with the Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. The number of CFU/ml of both the bacterial isolates was adjusted to 7. 88 x 107 CFU/ml for degradation studies. The biodegraders which were Micrococcus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Mixture of both the culture showed different abilities in the breakdown and utilization of the diesel engine oil. Character Colony 1 Colony 2 Size 1-2 mm 2-3 mm Table-1 Colony characteristics of bacterial isolates on Nutrient agar plate Shape Elevation Colour Consistency Circular Irregular Convex Flat Yellowish Fluorescent green Butyrous Mucoidal Opacity Opaque Translucent International Science Congress Association 49 Intern ational Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Table-2 Biochemical characteristics of bacterial isolates C1 Positive Cocci Clusters No spore Non motile Positive Negative Negative Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Acidic, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Positive Micrococcus sp. Character Gram stain Morphology Arrangement Endospore Motility Catalase Oxidase Citrate Indole Gelatin Glucose fermentation Lactose fermentation Sucrose fermentation Mannitol fermentation Tripple sugar iron Methyl red Voges proskauer Nitrate reduction Urea Organism C2 Negative Rods Solitary No spore Sluggishly Motile Positive Positive Positive Negative Positive No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation No Fermentation Alkaline, No gas, No H2S Negative Negative Negative Negative Pseudomonas sp. Table-3 Weight of diesel engine oil extracted (on various days) from 15 gm soil samples polluted with 1 ml (0. 848 gm) of Sterilized diesel oil and 0. 2 ml of culture Day Sample I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV Weight of diesel oil extracted (gm) 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 807 gm 0. 801 gm 0. 30 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 787 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 639 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 663 gm 0. 348 gm 0. 483 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 545 gm 0. 290 gm 0. 271 gm 0. 848 gm 0. 399 gm 0. 275 gm 0. 085 gm 0. 848 gm Weight of diesel oil degraded (gm) 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 041 0. 047 0. 018 0. 000 0. 061 0. 209 0. 209 0. 000 0. 185 0. 500 0. 365 0. 000 0. 303 0. 558 0. 577 0. 000 0. 449 0. 573 0. 763 0. 000 Rate of degradation (gm/hr) 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 42 x 10-4 3. 92 x 10-4 1. 50 x 10-4 0. 00 2. 54 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 8. 71 x 10-4 0. 00 5. 14 x 10-4 1. 39 x 10-3 1. 01 x 10-3 0. 00 6. 31 x 10-4 1. 6 x 10-3 1. 20 x 10-3 0. 00 7. 48 x 10-4 9. 55 x 10-4 1. 27 x 10-3 0. 00 0 5 10 15 20 25 *values are means of twice determinations. Key: i. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. ii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Pseudomonas sp. iii. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil + Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. IV. Sterilized soil + Sterilized diesel oil International Science Congress Association 50 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Micrococcus sp: It was seen that the rate of diesel oil degradation by Micrococcus sp. was slow as compared to the rate of degradation of diesel oil by Pseudomonas sp. and mixture of Micrococcus sp. and pseudomonas sp. But the diesel oil degradation potential of Micrococcus sp. was continuously increasing as the time of contact between oil and organism increased. Diesel engine oil degradation study by Pseudomonas sp: It can be seen that the efficiency of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade diesel engine oil is faster than that of Micrococcus sp. As the incubation period increases the rate of degradation of diesel engine oil also increases. But it was seen that till 15th day, the rate of degradation was much faster. This was probably due to the exponential phase of the cell growth but after that the rate of degradation was slightly decreased. It was possibly because of cells of the Pseudomonas sp. were near to its stationary phase of cell growth. Diesel engine oil degradation study by mixture of Micrococcus sp. and Pseudomonas sp: The weight of diesel oil extracted from soil containing diesel engine oil and mixture of both bacterial isolates i. . Micrococcus sp. + Pseudomonas sp. showed continuous weight loss till the 25th day of incubation period. After 5th day of incubation period it was seen that there was a drastic increase in the rate of diesel oil degradation till the 25th day of incubation period which was quite higher than that of the single culture of Micrococcus sp. as well as that of the Pseudomonas sp. In this cas e it was found that around 90% of the diesel engine oil was degraded after 25th day and rate of degradation of diesel oil was found to be continuously increasing i. e. 1. 50 x 10-4gm/hr after 5th day to 1. 7 x 10-3gm/hr after 25th day. Conclusion When Micrococcus sp. is used in combination with Pseudomonas sp. it showed a great potential to diesel oil degradation. This was probably due to the different enzyme system from two different bacterial isolates that acts on hydrocarbon at a time which proved to be an excellent option to degrade that hydrocarbon if both the bacterial enzyme system posses considerable efficiency to act upon it and to degrade it10. This was followed by single culture of Pseudomonas sp and then Micrococcus sp. The oil degradation by Pseudomonas sp. as not surprising not only because it was isolated from garage soil which was already contaminated by oil and grease but also because it is known to possess a more competent and active hydrocarbon degrading enzyme sy stem than Micrococcus sp. It is known to be fast growing and is capable of degrading a wide variety of organic compounds11. In the case of Micrococcus sp. which is also known to posses the considerable efficiency to use it as an oil degrader, but it requires more time compared to that of the Pseudomonas sp. Figure–1 Comparison of % Diesel engine oil degradation International Science Congress Association 51 International Research Journal of Environment Sciences______________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1414 Vol. 2(2), 48-52, February (2013) Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. Figure–2 Comparison: Rate of Diesel engine oil degradation (gm/hr) By using biological processes, as in the case of bioremediation, usually lowers the costs as compared to chemical treatment processes for various contaminated sites. It is also less disturbing to the environment. However, because it is a natural process, it requires time. The above experiment shows that bioremediation can be used effectively to treat oil contaminated soil. The remarkable rate of diesel oil degradation by bacterial isolates shown by this method allows for the safe and convenient use of this microorganism in the oil contaminated area. Moreover the results obtained from the comparison between the diesel oil degrading ability of Pseudomonas sp. , Micrococcus sp. and mixture of both helps them to use in different bioremediation processes based upon their efficiencies. And the advantages of employing mixed cultures as opposed to pure cultures in bioremediation have been demonstrated. . 3. Baker J. M. , Mangroove swamps and the oil Industry, Environ. Pollut. Bull. , 12 (1982) Zahir A. Z. , Malik M. A. R. and Arshad M. , The effect of oil pollution of soil on germination, growth and nutrient uptake of corn, Journal of Environmental Quality, 4, 537-540 (2001) Adriano Pinto Mariano, Ana Paula de Arruda Geraldes Kataoka, Dejanira de Franceschi d e Angelis Daniel Marcos Bonotto, Laboratory study on the bioremediation of diesel oil contaminated soil from a petrol station, Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 38(2), (2007) Nwaogu L. A. , Onyeze G. O. C and Nwabueze R. N. , Degradation of diesel oil in a polluted soil using Bacillus subtilis, African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1939-1943 (2008) Bergey D. H. , Holt John G. , et al, Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins (1994) Dong-ju Kim, Seung-gun Chung, Sang-hyup Lee and Jae-woo Choi, Relation of microbial biomass to counting units for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, African Journal of Microbiology, 6(21), 4620-4622 (2012) Udeme J. J. , Antai S. P. Biodegradation and Mineralization of Crude oil by Bacteria, Niger. J. Biotechnol. , 5: 77-85. (1988) Akhavan Sepahi, I. Dejban Golpasha, M. Emami, A. M. Nakhoda, Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng. , 5(3), 149-154 (2008) crude oil by bacteria, Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 5, 7986 (1988) 4. 5. 6. 7. Acknowledgement The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to: Management, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. K. P. N. Kutty, Co-Ordinator, VIVA Trust, Virar (w) Maharashtra. , Dr. R. D. Bhagat, Principal, VIVA College, Virar (w) Maharashtra, Non Teaching Staff , Dept. Biological sciences ,VIVA College Virar (w) Maharashtra. 8. 9. 10. Ijah U. J. J. , Antai S. P. , Degradation and mineralization of References 1. Hill G. B. , Moxey J. G. , Gasoline and Diesel oil In: Gathee VB (ed) Petroleum Product Handbook Mc-Grew Hill, 4, 1-4 NY (1980) 11. Ijah U. J. J. , Okang C. N. , Petroleum Degrading capabilities of bacteria isolated from soil, W. A. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 38(1-4), 915 (1993) International Science Congress Association 52 How to cite Biofilm-Mediated Enhanced Crude Oil Degradation by, Papers

Reputation Plays A Very Important Role In The Play Othello. The Charac

Reputation plays a very important role in the play Othello. The character of Iago uses his reputation as an honest man to deceive Othello and other characters in the play. To Cassio reputation meant everything. Othello's reputation played an important role in the play. Iago's reputation played a very key role in the play. Everyone thought of Iago as an honest man. " O, that's an honest fellow " , "You advise me well ........ goodnight honest Iago " - "........that's an honest fellow " " I know thou'rt full of love and honesty ". Iago has everyone fooled into believing that he is a noble honest man. Without this reputation of being honest he could never get Othello to believe that Desdemona was cheating on him. Othello would have probably killed him if he didn't have the reputation of being an honest man. Iago knew that an important man like Othello couldn't ignore the possibility that his wife was cheating on him. Nobody suspects that Iago is a deceitful man and would plot and plan t o destroy Othello, Cassio and Desdemona in such a cunning way. Iago used his reputation, and the insecurities of Othello being a Moor, to allow him to manipulate Othello. Othello had a reputation of being a military man, and a courageous leader. "Valiant Othello, We must straight employ you..." "Here comes Brabantio and the valiant Moor." Othello has been a soldier since he was seven years of age, and has experience on the battle field. Othello was chosen when they went to fight the Turkish fleet. Because of his reputation, it wasn't hard for other people to accept the relationship between him and Desdemona. As Iago started putting ideas in Othello's head about Cassio and Desdemona being together, another side of Othello's personality started to surface. Because Iago had the reputation of being an honest man, Othello couldn't ignore his insinuations about Desdemona. Othello wondered if Desdemona really loved him, or if she was just using him to rebel against her father. With Iago co nstantly putting these ideas in his head, Othello was convinced to kill his wife. Cassio was known to be a good soldier, and is proud of that reputation. After Iago gets him drunk, and he gets in a fight, he ruins his reputation with Othello. Othello demotes him because Othello will not tolerate that kind of behavior in his Lieutenant. Desdemona pleads his case to Othello, because she knows him to be a good man. Iago uses the fact that Desdemona is interceding on Cassio's behalf, to further convince Othello that Desdemona is cheating on him, with Cassio. He hopes this will remove Cassio and open up the way for him to become Lieutenant.. Othello could always wonder if Desdemona really loved him, or if she was just using him to rebel against her father. With Iago constantly putting these ideas in his head, Othello was convinced to kill his wife. Often, reputations and a person's true character are very different. People rely on their previous experiences or knowledge of others to make judgments about them. Iago used this to his advantage to manipulate everyone. He was a great deceiver.